Archive for October 2017

Which one of the mechanical laws of motion states that an object at rest stays at rest while an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an external force?

Which one of the mechanical laws of motion states that an object at rest stays at rest while an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an external force?




a. Law of Reaction
b. Law of Inertia
c. Law of Levers
d. Law of Acceleration




Answer: B

Which of the following is NOT true regarding wheelchair propulsion?

Which of the following is NOT true regarding wheelchair propulsion?



a. Muscles of internal rotation of the shoulder are used to a greater degree than the external rotators.
b. Wheelchair athletes train to produce maximal torque to the wheelchair rim to create maximal velocity.
c. Forward movement requires a powerful external rotation at the shoulder followed by a recovery phase using internal rotators.
d. Overuse injuries are common in the shoulder region due to unequal agonist/antagonist muscle use.



Answer: C

For individuals with a short leg gait due to a leg length difference, which of the following would NOT be a typical biomechanical response?

For individuals with a short leg gait due to a leg length difference, which of the following would NOT be a typical biomechanical response?




a. Exaggerated flexion of the knee and hip of the unaffected limb
b. Hip "hiking" during swing phase for foot clearance
c. Weight bearing on the lateral edge of the foot
d. Pelvic rotation to one side



Answer: C

When lifting an object, the typical instruction is "keep the back straight" and "lift with the legs." When considering biomechanical lifting technique, which of the following is INCORRECT?

When lifting an object, the typical instruction is "keep the back straight" and "lift with the legs." When considering biomechanical lifting technique, which of the following is INCORRECT?




a. With proper technique, the length of the moment arm is minimized
b. Rotational moments are the least stressful for the articulations of the spine
c. The longer the anatomical moment arm, the larger the moment imposed on the muscles and structures of the low back
d. The spine is well suited for compressive forces



Answer: B

Android obesity is characterized by

Android obesity is characterized by



a. fatty deposits under the skin known as xanthomas
b. the fact that it only occurs in females
c. large subcutaneous fat deposits around the hips and buttocks
d. more fat on the trunk (abdominal fat)




Answer: D

Which of the following is a purpose of health-related fitness testing?

Which of the following is a purpose of health-related fitness testing?



a. Educating participants about their present health-related fitness status relative to health-related standards and age- and sex-matched norms
b. Comparing a 50-yr-old male with a 30-yr-old of the same gender to determine how much deterioration has gone on in 20 yr
c. To collect baseline data only for the purpose of gender and age comparisons
d. To create a social support network so that the patient or client will feel compelled to exercise regularly




Answer: A

The information obtained from health-related physical fitness testing, in combination with the individual's health and medical information, is used by the health and fitness professional to

The information obtained from health-related physical fitness testing, in combination with the individual's health and medical information, is used by the health and fitness professional to




a. prepare a patient for surgery
b. uncover otherwise unknown disease processes that may hinder the exercise program
c. enable an individual to achieve specific health/fitness goals
d. diagnose specific cardiovascular diseases



Answer: C

Muscular fitness refers to the

Muscular fitness refers to the




a. combination of muscular strength, endurance, and power
b. ability to lift heavy objects
c. ability to run long distances with very little muscle fatigue
d. combination of glycolytic and nonglycolytic enzymes working together



Answer: A

In which of the following procedures does the subject breathe through a low-resistance valve with his or her nose occluded (or through a non latex foam mask) while pulmonary ventilation and expired fractions of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are measured?

In which of the following procedures does the subject breathe through a low-resistance valve with his or her nose occluded (or through a non latex foam mask) while pulmonary ventilation and expired fractions of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are measured?



a. Pulse oximetry
b. Volumetrics
c. Open circuit spirometry
d. Closed circuit spirometry



Answer: C

According to the Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults, what is the threshold for a determination of obesity in adults as reported in kilogram per square meter?

According to the Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults, what is the threshold for a determination of obesity in adults as reported in kilogram per square meter?




a. 50
b. 40
c. 60
d. 30




Answer: D

The principle behind body composition assessment by using skinfold measurements is that

The principle behind body composition assessment by using skinfold measurements is that



a. it is simple to use and can be administered by anyone
b. it is quick, can be administered by a trained technician, and has a very high correlation to other methods
c. the amount of subcutaneous fat is proportional to the total amount of body fat
d. it correlates well with height and weight measurements but not hydrodensitometry



Answer: C

Flexibility is the ability to move a joint

Flexibility is the ability to move a joint



a. through one range of motion only
b. through its complete range of motion
c. bidirectionally
d. unilaterally




Answer: B

Which of the following is NOT true of the health-related components of physical fitness?

Which of the following is NOT true of the health-related components of physical fitness?



a. Have a strong relationship with good health
b. Are associated with a lower prevalence of chronic disease and health conditions and their risk factors
c. Are characterized by an ability to perform daily activities with vigor
d. Can predict high levels of athletic performance




Answer: D

Muscular strength refers to the ability of the muscle to

Muscular strength refers to the ability of the muscle to


a. exert force
b. fatigue earlier than before training
c. fatigue later than before training
d. perform for successive exertions or many repetitions




Answer: A

Test anxiety, emotional problems, food in the stomach, bladder distention, room temperature, and ventilation should be

Test anxiety, emotional problems, food in the stomach, bladder distention, room temperature, and ventilation should be



a. considered a threat to physical fitness testing validity and reliability
b. controlled as much as possible, but nothing can be done to control all of these factors
c. increased as much as possible
d. a consideration when testing someone for physical fitness but not necessary to completely control





Answer: A

It is well established that excess body fat, particularly when located _______________, is associated with hypertension, the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and dyslipidemia.

It is well established that excess body fat, particularly when located _______________, is associated with hypertension, the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and dyslipidemia.



a. on the hips and in the abdomen for men only
b. centrally around the abdomen
c. around the hips and buttocks
d. around the hips in women



Answer: B

An ideal health-related physical fitness test is

An ideal health-related physical fitness test is



a. valid and reliable
b. complicated to administer
c. inexpensive to the point of not costing anything to the client or patient
d. developed especially for the individual without regard to comparative norms




Answer: A

Which of the following is NOT a reason why cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is considered health related?

Which of the following is NOT a reason why cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is considered health related?




a. Risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease are not influenced by habitual physical activity levels in most people.
b. Low levels of CRF have been associated with a markedly increased risk of premature death from all causes, specifically from cardiovascular disease.
c. High levels of CRF are associated with higher levels of habitual physical activity, which in turn are associated with many health benefits.
d. Increases in CRF are associated with a reduction in death from all causes.



Answer: A

Which of the following best describes the waist-to-hip ratio?

Which of the following best describes the waist-to-hip ratio?



a. Skinfold measurement of the hip subtracted by the circumference of the waist
b. Circumference of the hips divided by the circumference of the waist
c. Circumference of the waist divided by the circumference of the hips
d. Skinfold measurement of the hip added to the circumference of the waist




Answer: C

Estimates of maximal oxygen consumption from the heart rate response to submaximal exercise tests are NOT based on which of the following assumptions?

Estimates of maximal oxygen consumption from the heart rate response to submaximal exercise tests are NOT based on which of the following assumptions?



a. Mechanical efficiency is the same for everyone.
b. A nonlinear relationship exists between heart rate and work rate.
c. A steady state heart rate is obtained for each exercise work rate.
d. The difference between actual and predicted maximal HR is minimal.



Answer: B

A minimal recommendation for pretest instructions is the completion of

A minimal recommendation for pretest instructions is the completion of




a. blood tests that include cardiac enzymes
b. the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire
c. a 12-h fast
d. a complete physical examination administered by a physician regardless of age



Answer: B

A fundamental goal of primary and secondary intervention programs is

A fundamental goal of primary and secondary intervention programs is



a. to develop athletic abilities in young people so that they will be successful later in life
b. to monitor the success rates of drug therapy
c. the education of family members who otherwise would not be supportive
d. promotion of health




Answer: D

Which of the following is the proper sequence for a testing session?

Which of the following is the proper sequence for a testing session?




a. The order does not matter as long as all the components of a physical fitness testing session are complete.
b. Resting heart rate, blood pressure, height, weight, and body composition should be obtained first followed by tests of cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular fitness, and flexibility.
c. Flexibility, heart rate, blood pressure, height, weight, and body composition should be obtained first followed by tests of cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular fitness.
d. Cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular fitness, and flexibility should be obtained first followed by tests of heart rate, blood pressure, height, weight, and body composition.




Answer: B

Cardiorespiratory training results in all of the following EXCEPT

Cardiorespiratory training results in all of the following EXCEPT



a. Decreased glucose tolerance
b. Decreased fatigue in daily activities
c. Increased lactate threshold
d. Increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol





Answer: A

The design of the heart's electrical conduction allows for:

The design of the heart's electrical conduction allows for:




a. Contraction of all chambers at the same time
b. Contraction of the right side of the heart prior to the left side of the heart
c. Contraction of the ventricles prior to contraction of the atria
d. Near simultaneous contraction of left and right ventricles



Answer: D

The valves of the heart help to prevent:

The valves of the heart help to prevent:


a. Excessive filling of the chambers
b. Backward flow of the blood
c. Blood clotting
d. Irregular heart rhythm




Answer: B

Which of the following best describes blood flow through the body, starting in the right atrium?

Which of the following best describes blood flow through the body, starting in the right atrium?




a. Right atrium; right ventricle; lungs; left atrium; left ventricle; body
b. Right atrium; right ventricle; body; left atrium; left ventricle; lungs
c. Right atrium; right ventricle; body; left atrium; left ventricle; lungs
d. Right atrium; left atrium; lungs; right ventricle; left ventricle; body



Answer: A

Which of the following is TRUE regarding isometric training?

Which of the following is TRUE regarding isometric training?



a. It can produce improvements in strength at specific joint angles.
b. It is a valuable tool in enhancing functional strength.
c. It has the tendency to acutely lower blood pressure.
d. Strength gains are nonspecific to the joint range of motion.




Answer: A

The heart is controlled through an intrinsic electric system, normally activated in which order?

The heart is controlled through an intrinsic electric system, normally activated in which order?




a. SA node, AV node, bundle branches, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
b. AV node, SA node, bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
c. AV node, SA node, Purkinje fibers, bundle branches, bundle of His
d. SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers



Answer: D

Motor units consist of:

Motor units consist of:




a. A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it activates
b. A sensory neuron and corresponding muscle fiber
c. A motor neuron and the motor cortex
d. The cerebellum and the muscle fibers


Answer: A

Pulmonary ventilation is regulated mostly by:

Pulmonary ventilation is regulated mostly by:




a. Need for oxygen removal
b. Need for carbon dioxide delivery
c. Need for oxygen delivery
d. Need for carbon dioxide removal



Answer: D

The Golgi tendon organs are responsible for

The Golgi tendon organs are responsible for




a. Innervating a muscle when the joint angle unexpectedly changes
b. Relaxing a muscle when tension on a tendon becomes too great
c. Stimulating contracting of antagonist muscles when tension of a muscle becomes too great
d. Initiating a stronger muscle action when activated




Answer: B

According to the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, a "normal" blood pressure is

According to the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, a "normal" blood pressure is



a. <120 mm Hg systolic and <80 mm Hg diastolic
b. 120-139 mm Hg systolic and 80-89 mm Hg diastolic
c. 120-159 mm Hg systolic and 80-99 mm Hg diastolic
d. <140 mm Hg systolic and <90 mm Hg diastolic







Answer: A

Clinical decisions regarding blood pressure should be based on the average of

Clinical decisions regarding blood pressure should be based on the average of




a. three blood pressure readings, one each in the supine, sitting, and standing positions
b. two or more properly measured, seated blood pressure readings recorded during each of two or more office visits
c. multiple supine measurements taken over the course of a single office visit
d. two or more properly measured, seated blood pressure readings recorded during a single office visit





Answer: B

Body weight, resting blood pressure, auscultation of the lungs, palpation of the lower extremities, tests of neurologic function, and apical pulse rate and rhythm are all components of

Body weight, resting blood pressure, auscultation of the lungs, palpation of the lower extremities, tests of neurologic function, and apical pulse rate and rhythm are all components of



a. a physical examination
b. laboratory tests prior to graded exercise testing
c. a detailed medical history
d. an examination only provided to patients in the high-risk category





Answer: A

The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease has classified the severity of COPD into four stages based on post bronchodilator FEV1.0. Stage IV is very severe. At what point is the FEV1.0 considered this stage of disease?

The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease has classified the severity of COPD into four stages based on post bronchodilator FEV1.0. Stage IV is very severe. At what point is the FEV1.0 considered this stage of disease?





a. =50%
b. <30%
c. <40 %
d. =80%



Answer: B

Appropriate components of the medical history do NOT include

Appropriate components of the medical history do NOT include




a. previous physical examination findings
b. a medical diagnosis
c. questions about social support mechanisms
d. history of symptoms




Answer: C

Which of the following is NOT a common spirometric test?

Which of the following is NOT a common spirometric test?



a. Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)
b. Forced vital capacity (FVC)
c. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0)
d. ?FEV1.0/FVC ratio






Answer: A

Components of a medical history may include

Components of a medical history may include




a. fasting serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides
b. all of the above
c. medication use
d. recent illnesses




Answer: B

Identification and risk stratification of persons with cardiovascular disease and those at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease are facilitated by review of previous test results such as coronary angiography, nuclear imaging, echocardiography, or coronary artery calcium score studies. Additional testing may include

Identification and risk stratification of persons with cardiovascular disease and those at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease are facilitated by review of previous test results such as coronary angiography, nuclear imaging, echocardiography, or coronary artery calcium score studies. Additional testing may include





a. ambulatory electrocardiogram (Holter) monitoring
b. a chest radiograph
c. oximetry
d. pulmonary function tests




Answer: A

Which of the following is NOT an indication for spirometry?

Which of the following is NOT an indication for spirometry?




a. To screen individuals at risk of having pulmonary disease
b. To measure maximal oxygen consumption
c. To evaluate symptoms, signs, or abnormal laboratory tests
d. To measure the effect of disease on pulmonary function





Answer: B

Relative contraindications to exercise testing can be superseded if benefits outweigh risks of exercise. In some instances, these individuals can be exercised with caution and/or using low-level endpoints, especially if they are asymptomatic at rest. Which of the following is a relative contraindication to exercise testing?

Relative contraindications to exercise testing can be superseded if benefits outweigh risks of exercise. In some instances, these individuals can be exercised with caution and/or using low-level endpoints, especially if they are asymptomatic at rest. Which of the following is a relative contraindication to exercise testing?




a. A recent significant change in the resting ECG suggesting significant ischemia
b. Unstable angina
c. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
d. Recent myocardial infarction (within 2 d)





Answer: C

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the informed consent?

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the informed consent?





a. The consent form should be verbally explained and include a statement indicating that the patient has been given an opportunity to ask questions about the procedure and has sufficient information to give informed consent.
b. If the participant is a minor, a legal guardian or parent need not sign the consent form.
c. The consent form must indicate that the participant is not free to withdraw from the procedure at any time once he or she signs the document.
d. Obtaining adequate informed consent from participants before exercise testing and participation in an exercise program is an important ethical but not legal consideration.





Answer: A

Which of the following is considered stage 2 hypertension requiring immediate medical attention usually consisting of lifestyle modification and antihypertensive medication?

Which of the following is considered stage 2 hypertension requiring immediate medical attention usually consisting of lifestyle modification and antihypertensive medication?




a. 120-139 mm Hg systolic and 80-89 mm Hg diastolic
b. 120-159 mm Hg systolic and 80-99 mm Hg diastolic
c. <120 mm Hg systolic and <80 mm Hg diastolic
d. =160 mm Hg systolic and/or =100 mm Hg diastolic





Answer: D

Which of the following joints of the shoulder complex is not a true joint, but rather is a "functional" or "physiological" joint in that it is formed by an articulation between two structures?

Which of the following joints of the shoulder complex is not a true joint, but rather is a "functional" or "physiological" joint in that it is formed by an articulation between two structures?



a. Acromioclavicular joint
b. Scapulothoracic joint
c. Sternoclavicular joint
d. Glenohumeral joint




Answer: B

Which is a description of the term "adduction"?

Which is a description of the term "adduction"?




a. Movement resulting in an increase in the joint angle
b. Movement resulting in a decrease in joint angle
c. Movement away from the midline of the body
d. Movement toward the midline of the body




Answer: D

The "growth plate" is common term for the:

The "growth plate" is common term for the:



a. Trabeculae
b. Epiphyseal plate
c. Cancellous or spongy bone
d. Shaft of a long bone





Answer: B

Posterior pelvic tilt results from contraction of:

Posterior pelvic tilt results from contraction of:





a. Hip flexors and lumbar extensors
b. Hip extensors and lumbar flexors
c. Hip extensors and hip flexors in an uncoordinated fashion
d. Lateral lumbar muscles and hip abductor-adductor muscles



Answer: B

True or false? If a client proposes a goal that the Personal Trainer feels is unrealistic, unhealthy, or unsafe, the Personal Trainer should go along with the client's wishes since he/she is paying for training services.

True or false? If a client proposes a goal that the Personal Trainer feels is unrealistic, unhealthy, or unsafe, the Personal Trainer should go along with the client's wishes since he/she is paying for training services.



Answer: False

What is the prerequisite for entry-level personal training certificates?

What is the prerequisite for entry-level personal training certificates?



a. Associate's degree and CPR/AED training
b. High school diploma (or equivalent) and CPR/AED training
c. Completion of any on-line certification exam course of study
d. Associate's degree, CPR/AED training, and 100 hours of observation




Answer: B

Which of the following statements about maintaining focus is FALSE?

Which of the following statements about maintaining focus is FALSE?




a. Personal Trainers should have small exercise equipment and supplies set up in advance
b. Preparation is part of creating a focused environment
c. Personal Trainers should allow time within the session for clients who often take phone calls, text, or check email during sessions
d. Personal Trainers should alert clients not to interrupt sessions with another client



Answer: C

Which characteristic is ideal for a successful mentorship for a Personal Trainer?

Which characteristic is ideal for a successful mentorship for a Personal Trainer?




a. Is a medical or health care professional of good standing at a hospital or medical center
b. Works with clients that are outside of one's scope of interest
c. Works at the same facility to which you are applying for employment
d. Matches the background and experiences needed




Answer: D
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